Options Strategies: Long Call
Market Opinion?
Bullish to Very Bullish
When to Use?
The long call strategy appeals to an investor who is generally more interested in the dollar amount of his initial investment and the leveraged financial reward that long calls can offer. The primary motivation of the investor of this call option strategy is to realize financial reward from an increase in price of the underlying security. Experience and precision are key to selecting the right long call option (expiration and/or strike price) for the most profitable result. In general, the more out-of-the-money the call is the more bullish the strategy, as bigger increases in the underlying stock price are required for the option to reach the break-even point.
As Stock Substitute
An investor who buys a call instead of purchasing the underlying stock considers the lower dollar cost of purchasing a call contract versus an equivalent amount of stock as a form of insurance. The long call strategy allows uncommitted capital to be "insured" against a decline in the price of the call option's underlying stock, and can be invested elsewhere. This investor is generally more interested in the number of shares of stock underlying the call contracts purchased, than in the specific amount of the initial investment - one call option contract for each 100 shares he wants to own. While holding the long call option, the investor retains the right to purchase an equivalent number of underlying shares at any time at the predetermined strike price until the contract expires.
Note: Equity option holders do not enjoy the rights due stockholders – e.g., voting rights, regular cash or special dividends, etc. A long call option holder must exercise the option and take ownership of the underlying shares to be eligible for these rights.
Benefit
A long call option offers a leveraged alternative to a position in the stock. As the contract becomes more profitable, increasing leverage can result in large percentage profits because purchasing calls generally requires lower up-front capital commitment than with an outright purchase of the underlying stock. Long call contracts offer the investor a pre-determined risk.
Risk vs. Reward
Maximum Profit: Unlimited
Maximum Loss: Limited (Net Premium Paid)
Upside Profit at Expiration: Stock Price - Strike Price - Premium Paid (Assuming Stock Price above BEP)
Your maximum profit depends only on the potential price increase of the underlying security; in theory it is unlimited. At expiration an in-the-money call will generally be worth its intrinsic value. Though the potential loss is predetermined and limited in dollar amount, it can be as much as 100% of the premium initially paid for the call. Whatever your motivation for purchasing the call, weigh the potential reward against the potential loss of the entire premium paid.
Break-Even-Point (BEP)?
BEP: Strike Price + Premium Paid
Before expiration, however, if the contract's market price has sufficient time value remaining, the BEP can occur at a lower stock price.
Volatility
If Volatility Increases: Positive Effect
If Volatility Decreases: Negative Effect
Any effect of volatility on the option's total premium is on the time value portion.
Time Decay?
Passage of Time: Negative Effect
The time value portion of an option's premium, which the option holder has "purchased" by paying for the option, generally decreases, or decays, with the passage of time. This decrease accelerates as the option contract approaches expiration.
Alternatives before expiration?
At any given time before expiration, a call option holder can sell the call in the listed options marketplace to close out the position. This can be done to either realize a profitable gain in the option's premium, or to cut a loss.
Alternatives at expiration?
At expiration, most investors holding an in-the-money call option will elect to sell the option in the marketplace if it has value, before the end of trading on the option's last trading day. An alternative is to exercise the call, resulting in the purchase of an equivalent number of underlying shares at the strike price.
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