Options Strategies: Protective Put
Market Opinion?
Bullish on the Underlying Stock
When to Use?
The investor employing the protective put strategy owns shares of underlying stock from a previous purchase, and generally has unrealized profits accrued from an increase in value of those shares. He might have concerns about unknown, downside market risks in the near term and wants some protection for the gains in share value. Purchasing protective puts while holding shares of underlying stock is a directional strategy, but a bullish one.
Benefit
Like the married put investor, the protective put investor retains all benefits of continuing stock ownership (dividends, voting rights, etc.) during the lifetime of the put contract, unless he sells his stock. At the same time, the protective put strategy serves to limit downside loss in unrealized gains accrued since the underlying stock's purchase. No matter how much the underlying stock decreases in value during the lifetime of the protective put option, the put guarantees the investor the right to sell his shares at the put's strike price until the option expires. If there is a sudden, significant decrease in the market price of the underlying stock, a put owner has the luxury of time to react. Alternatively, a previously entered stop loss limit order on the purchased shares might be triggered at both a time and a price unacceptable to the investor. The put contract has conveyed to him a guaranteed selling price at the strike price, and control over when he chooses to sell his stock.
Risk vs. Reward
Maximum Profit: Unlimited
Maximum Loss: Limited Strike Price - Stock Purchase Price + Premium Paid
Upside Profit at Expiration: Gains in Underlying Share Value Since Purchase - Premium Paid
Potential maximum profit for the protective put strategy depends only on the potential price increase of the underlying security; in theory it is unlimited. If the put expires in-the-money, any gains realized from in an increase in its value will offset any decline in the unrealized profits from the underlying shares. On the other hand, if the protective put option expires at- or out-of-the-money the investor will lose the entire premium paid for the put.
Break-Even-Point (BEP)?
BEP: Stock Purchase Price + Premium Paid
Volatility
If Volatility Increases: Positive Effect If Volatility Decreases: Negative Effect
Any effect of volatility on the option's total premium is on the time value portion of this bullish option strategy.
Time Decay?
Passage of Time: Negative Effect
The time value portion of an option's premium, which the option holder has "purchased" when paying for the option, generally decreases, or decays, with the passage of time. This decrease accelerates as the option contract approaches expiration. A market observer will notice that time decay for puts occurs at a slightly slower rate than with calls.
Alternatives before expiration?
An investor employing the married put option can sell his stock at any time, and/or sell his long put at any time before it expires. For instance, if the investor loses concern over a possible decline in market value of his hedged underlying shares, the put option may be sold if it has market value remaining.
Alternatives at expiration?
If the put option expires with no value, no action need be taken; the investor will retain his shares. If the option closes in-the-money, the investor can elect to exercise his right to sell the underlying shares at the put's strike price. Alternatively, the investor may sell the put option, if it has market value, before the market closes on the option's last trading day. The premium received from the long option's sale will offset any financial loss from a decline in underlying share value.
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